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Roman Emperors (31 b.c.–a.d. 68)
Augustus 31 b.c.–a.d. 14 Tiberius a.d. 14–37 Gaius Caligula a.d. 37–41 Claudius a.d. 41–54 Nero a.d. 54–68
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The Herodian Dynasty
This simplified version of the Herodian family tree focuses on those most relevant to NT study. Dates indicate period of reign, unless marked otherwise. Solid lines signify descent; dotted lines signify marriage. Abbreviations: d. = died; c. = circa (around, about).
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Intertestamental Events Timeline
334–330b.c. Alexander the Great (356–323 b.c.) sweeps through Asia Minor and conquers the Persian Empire, including Egypt and Mesopotamia (see notes on Dan. 7:3; 7:6; 8:5; 8:8;8:20–22; 11:3; cf. 1 Macc. 1:1–7). Alexander imposes the Greek
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Jewish and Roman Rulers
Date Roman Emperors Roman Prefects/Procurators of Judea and Samaria Roman Prefects/ Procurators of All Israel Herodian Dynasty (37b.c.–a.d.93) Herodian Dynasty (37 b.c.–a.d. 93) Jewish High Priests 40b.c. 38 Herod the Great (37b.c.–4 b.c.) 36 34 32 30 28
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Major Periods within Second Temple Judaism
Second Temple Judaism developed as political authority changed hands from the Persians to the Greeks, to the Jewish Hasmoneans, and finally to the Romans. 539–331 b.c. 331–164 b.c. 164–63 b.c. 63 b.c.–a.d. 70 The Persian Period The Hellenistic Period * Ptolemaic (Egyptian)
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Covenant in Malachi
The word “covenant” (Hb. berit) in the OT entails four essential components: (1) a relationship (2) with a nonrelative that (3) involves obligations and (4) is established through an oath. It is used seven times in Malachi (out of a mere 1,193 words): a rate 10 times greater than
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The Lord of Hosts: Frequency and Use in the OT
Why does the title “Lord of hosts” appear more frequently in Malachi than in any other OT book, and in the time of prophetic books more than during other time periods? In the period of Isaiah, the northern kingdom was overrun and destroyed and the southern kingdom almost destroyed by
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Key Themes: Malachi’s Sixfold Wake-up Call to Renewed Covenant Fidelity
Disputation Reference Summary Focus Disputation 1 1:2–5 Malachi begins by defending the reality of God’s elective love for Israel, a love which calls for robust covenantal obedience and sincere worship as its proper response. Instead, the people were dishonoring God by their worthless offerings and the hypocritical
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Zechariah’s Visions
Vision Passage Content Summary Zechariah’s Question(s) to the Messenger Promise/Outcome 1 1:7–17 Vision of horsemen who “patrol the earth” and report the condition of the earth; the Lord promises to build his house in Jerusalem What are these, my lord? (v. 9) The Lord is
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Dates of the Oracles in Zechariah
Reference Date 1:1 eighth month of the second year of Darius October/November 520b.c. 1:7 24th day of the 11th month (Shebat) of the second year of Darius February 15, 519 7:1 fourth day of the ninth month (Kislev) of the fourth year of Darius December
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Zechariah Texts Quoted in the New Testament Regarding Jesus’ Ministry
Zechariah Text Content Summary NT Passages 9:9 the king comes to Zion humble and riding a donkey Matt. 21:5; John 12:15 11:13 30 pieces of silver thrown into the house of the Lord Matt. 27:9 12:10 looking on him whom they have pierced John
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Dates of the Oracles in Haggai (All in 520 b.c.)
Oracle Reference Date First 1:1 1st day of 6th month (Aug. 29) Second 1:15 24th day of 6th month (Sept. 21) Third 2:1 21st day of 7th month (Oct. 17) Fourth 2:10 24th day of 9th month (Dec. 18) Fifth 2:20 24th day of 9th